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In-Situ Permeability Testing in Surrey, BC: Lefranc and Lugeon Methods

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The Surrey uplands and the Nicomekl-Serpentine floodplain present a stark contrast in subsurface drainage conditions, which directly dictates how we approach a field permeability test (Lefranc/Lugeon). Glacial till overlying sedimentary bedrock creates perched water tables on slopes, while the lowlands contend with compressible marine clays and peat. For a city that has grown by over 100,000 residents in the last two decades, infrastructure expansion onto these challenging soils demands accurate hydraulic conductivity values. A standard borehole log alone won't tell you how water moves through a sandy lens or a fractured mudstone contact. We run these tests to quantify the coefficient of permeability (k) in situ, providing the data engineers need to design effective dewatering systems for deep excavations or to verify that a stormwater infiltration gallery will actually drain before the next Pacific frontal system arrives.

A single Lugeon test in Surrey's fractured bedrock can reveal more about drainage and grout take than a dozen lab tests on intact core.

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Our approach and scope

A common mistake we see on Surrey projects is relying solely on grain-size correlations to estimate permeability in glacial drift. The South Surrey aquifer system contains highly stratified deposits where a thin silt seam can reduce bulk vertical permeability by two orders of magnitude, and a lab remolded sample won't capture that. This is where the Lefranc test, run in a cased borehole at discrete intervals, isolates the actual horizontal or vertical k of a specific stratum. In fractured bedrock, we apply the Lugeon test, injecting water under pressure in five stages to assess the rock mass's hydraulic aperture and detect dilation or infilling. The data from a test pit log can guide where to place these test intervals, but only a direct in-situ measurement validates the drainage assumptions. Before finalizing a deep foundation drainage plan, we often pair the field permeability data with slope stability analysis to model how pore pressure dissipation affects long-term factor of safety on the city's escarpments.
In-Situ Permeability Testing in Surrey, BC: Lefranc and Lugeon Methods
Technical reference — Surrey

Local ground factors

The transformation of Surrey from a bedroom community to the second-largest city in Metro Vancouver has pushed development into historically agricultural floodplains and steep-sided ravines. Ignoring in-situ permeability in these areas introduces risks that compound over time. Foundation drains designed with overestimated permeability clog or fail to lower the water table, leading to hydrostatic pressure build-up against retaining walls in basement suites. In the Cloverdale area, where we encounter silty sand with sensitive clay interbeds, an incorrect k value can turn a routine excavation into a running sand condition, undermining adjacent pavement. The Lugeon test data further protects against over-designing grout curtains; high Lugeon values in a faulted sandstone, for example, predict grout takes accurately, preventing cost overruns. Ultimately, the risk isn't just water seepage—it's the structural distress that follows when the drainage system doesn't match the ground's actual hydraulic behavior.

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Reference standards

NBCC 2020 (National Building Code of Canada), CSA A23.3 (Design of Concrete Structures), ASTM D6391 (Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity Using Borehole Infiltration), ASTM D4630 (Standard Test Method for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In Situ Measurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test)

Technical parameters

ParameterTypical value
Standard Test MethodsLefranc (Variable Head) and Lugeon (Packer Injection)
Measurement Range (Lefranc)k = 1x10⁻⁵ to 1x10⁻⁸ m/s (soil)
Measurement Range (Lugeon)1 to 100 Lugeon units (rock mass)
Test Interval LengthTypically 0.5 m to 5.0 m in rock, 0.3 m to 1.0 m in soil
Packer SystemSingle or double pneumatic packer, depending on borehole stability
Applicable Ground ConditionsGlacial till, alluvium, weathered bedrock, and fractured sedimentary rock
Reporting StandardHydraulic conductivity (k in m/s) and Lugeon values with pressure/flow plots

Frequently asked questions

What is the cost of a field permeability test in Surrey?

The cost for a Lefranc or Lugeon test in Surrey typically ranges from CA$880 to CA$1,240, depending on borehole depth, number of test intervals, and packer configuration. A formal proposal will be provided after reviewing the specific site conditions and test depth requirements.

When should I specify a Lugeon test instead of a Lefranc test?

A Lugeon test is specified for rock masses where fractures and joints control the flow, whereas a Lefranc test is suitable for soils and very weathered rock. If the bedrock RQD drops below 50% or you're planning a grouting program, the Lugeon test provides the fracture flow data necessary for design.

How does the local Surrey geology affect permeability results?

Surrey's geology transitions from Vashon till and glaciomarine stony clay to the sedimentary bedrock of the Nanaimo Group. The till can exhibit significant anisotropy, while the underlying sandstone and mudstone fractures dictate bulk rock permeability, making discrete interval testing crucial for accurate groundwater modeling.

What is a Lugeon value and how do I use it in design?

One Lugeon unit equals 1 liter per meter per minute at 10 bars of pressure. Values below 3 Lugeon suggest tight, non-groutable rock, while values above 10 Lugeon indicate open joints requiring grouting. This data directly informs the grout mix design and injection pressure limits for excavation support.

How long does a typical permeability test take to complete?

A single Lefranc test in soil can be completed in 1 to 2 hours, while a five-stage Lugeon test in bedrock typically requires 2 to 4 hours per interval, including time for pressure stabilization and flow measurement. We coordinate testing with the drilling schedule to minimize downtime.

Location and service area

We serve projects in Surrey and surrounding areas. More info.

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